He also had numerous illegitimate children with his concubines. Only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him. Charlemagne married at least four times, and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood. He was laid to rest in the Aachen Cathedral, in his imperial capital city of Aachen. These and other disputes led to the eventual later split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054. The Eastern Orthodox Church viewed Charlemagne less favourably due to his support of the filioque and the Pope's having preferred him as emperor over the Byzantine Empire's first female monarch, Irene of Athens. His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. Peter's Basilica in Rome.Ĭharlemagne has been called the 'Father of Europe' ( Pater Europae), as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the classical era of the Roman Empire and united parts of Europe that had never been under Frankish or Roman rule. He reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned 'Emperor of the Romans' by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. As sole ruler, he continued his father's policy towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. He became king of the Franks in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I, until the latter's death in 771. He was later canonised by Antipope Paschal III, and is regarded as Beautified, which is a step on the path to sainthood, by the mainstream Catholic Church.Ĭharlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is known as the Carolingian Empire. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire around three centuries earlier. During the Early Middle Ages, Charlemagne united the majority of western and central Europe. Charlemagne ( / ˈ ʃ ɑːr l ə m eɪ n, ˌ ʃ ɑːr l ə ˈ m eɪ n/ SHAR-lə-mayn, -⁠ MAYN, French: ) or Charles the Great ( Latin: Carolus Magnus 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of the Romans from 800.

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